Amnesty International says Russian invaders must face justice for war crimes in Kyiv Oblast

Following an extensive on-the-ground investigation, Amnesty documented unlawful air strikes on Borodyanka, and extrajudicial executions in other towns and villages including Bucha, Andriivka, Zdvyzhivka and Vorzel.

"We have met families whose loved ones were killed in horrific attacks, and whose lives have changed forever because of the Russian invasion," said Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International's Secretary General.

"We support their demands for justice, and call on the Ukrainian authorities, the International Criminal Court and others to ensure evidence is preserved that could support future war crime prosecutions. It is vital that all those responsible, including up the chain of command, are brought to justice."

In Borodyanka, Amnesty found that at least 40 civilians were killed in disproportionate and indiscriminate attacks that devastated an entire neighborhood and left thousands of people homeless.

In Bucha and several other towns and villages located northwest of Kyiv, Amnesty documented 22 cases of unlawful killings by Russian forces, most of which were apparent extrajudicial executions.

During 12 days of investigations, Amnesty researchers interviewed residents of Bucha, Borodyanka, Novyi Korohod, Andriivka, Zdvyzhivka, Vorzel, Makariv and Dmytrivka, and visited sites of numerous killings.

In total, they interviewed 45 people who witnessed or had first-hand knowledge of unlawful killings of their relatives and neighbors by Russian soldiers, and 39 others who witnessed or had first-hand knowledge of the air strikes that targeted eight residential buildings.

Unlawful air strikes in Borodyanka

On March 1 and March 2, a series of Russian air strikes hit eight residential buildings in the town of Borodyanka, approximately 60 kilometers northwest of Kyiv, which were home to more than 600 families.

The strikes killed at least 40 residents and destroyed the buildings, as well as dozens of surrounding buildings and houses. Most of the victims were killed in the buildings' basements, where they had sought shelter. Others died in their apartments.

On the morning of March 2, a single strike killed at least 23 people in Building 359 on Tsentralna Street. The victims included five of Vadym Zahrebelny's relatives: his mother Lidia, his brother Volodymyr and wife Yulia, and her parents Liubov and Leonid Hurbanov.

"We (Vadym and his son) left Building 359 just after 0700. However, my motherand my brother and his wife and her parents insisted on staying in the basement because they were afraid of getting shot by Russian soldiers if they went out on the streets. About 20 minutes after we left, Building 359 was bombed and they were all killed, together with other neighbors," Vadym told Amnesty.

Vasyl Yaroshenko was close to one of the buildings when it was hit.

"I left my apartment to go do some work in the garage, as my wife was about to take a couple of older neighbors down to the basement," he said.

"When I reached the garage, about 150 meters from the building, there was a huge explosion. I ducked behind the garage. When I looked, I saw a large gap in the building. The whole middle section of the building had collapsed – exactly where residents were sheltering in the basement. My wife Halyna was among those killed. I still see her by the door of our apartment, the home where we lived for 40 years."

On March 1, a series of air strikes targeted six other buildings nearby. At least seven people were killed in Building 371 on Tsentralna Street, including Vitali Smishchuk, a 39-year-old surgeon, his wife Tetiana, and their four-year-old daughter Yeva.

"As the situation deteriorated, it became too dangerous to move from one part of the town to another. There were tanks on the streets... People were frightened of being outside," Vitali's mother Liudmyla told Amnesty.

"I was speaking to my son and telling him to leave, but he was worried about going outside. They sheltered in the basement for safety – but the bomb destroyed the middle section of the building, where the basement was."

No fixed Ukrainian military targets are known to have been located at or around any of the buildings that were struck, though at times armed individuals supporting Ukrainian forces reportedly fired on passing Russian military vehicles from or near some of those buildings. Knowingly launching direct attacks on civilian objects or disproportionate attacks constitute war crimes.

Amnesty International has created a new interactive 360-degree representation of the extensive damage caused by the air strikes in Borodyanka, which can be viewed here.

The town of Bucha, approximately 30 kilometers northwest of Kyiv, was occupied by Russian forces in late February. Five men were killed in apparent extrajudicial executions by Russian forces in a compound of five buildings set around a courtyard close to the intersection of Yablunska and Vodoprovidna streets, all between March 4 and March 19.

Yevhen Petrashenko, a 43-year-old sales manager and father-of-two, was shot dead in his apartment on Yablunska Street on March 4.

Yevhen's wife Tetiana told Amnesty that she was in their building's basement, while Yevhen had remained in their apartment. He had gone to help a neighbor when Russian soldiers were conducting door-to-door searches. Tetiana lost contact with Yevhen, whose body was then found in his apartment by a neighbor the next day.

At her request, Russian soldiers allowed Tetiana to visit the apartment.

"Yevhen was lying dead in the kitchen. He had been shot in the back, (near his) lungs and liver. His body remained in the apartment until March 10, when we were able to bury him in a shallow grave in the courtyard," she said.

Amnesty researchers found two bullets and three cartridge cases at the scene of the killing. The organization's weapons investigator identified the bullets as black-tipped 7N12 armor-piercing 9x39 mm rounds that can only be fired by specialized rifles used by some elite Russian units, including units reported to have been operating in Bucha during this time.

A collection of Russian military papers recovered in Bucha, which Amnesty researchers analyzed, gives further indications as to the units involved. They included conscription and training records belonging to a driver-mechanic of the 104th Regiment of the VDV, the Russian Airborne Forces. Notably, some VDV units are equipped with specialized rifles that fire the armor-piercing 9x39 mm round.

On March 22 or March 23, Leonid Bodnarchuk, a 44-year-old construction worker who lived in the same building as Yevhen Petrashenko, was also killed. Residents who were sheltering in the basement told Amnesty International that Russian soldiers shot Leonid as he was walking up the stairs, then threw a grenade into the stairwell. They later found his maimed body slumped in a pool of blood on the stairs.

Amnesty researchers found large blood stains over several steps on the stairs leading to the basement, as well as burn marks and a pattern of damage on the wall consistent with a grenade explosion.

In neighboring towns and villages, Amnesty collected further evidence and testimony of unlawful killings, including apparent extrajudicial executions: some victims had their hands tied behind their back, while others showed signs of being tortured.

In the village of Novyi Korohod, Viktor Klokun, a 46-year-old construction worker, was killed. Olena Sakhno, his partner, told Amnesty International that some villagers brought her Viktor's body on March 6.

"His hands were tied behind his back with a piece of white plastic, and he had been shot in the head," she said.

Oleksii Sychevky's wife Olha, 32, and father Oleksandr, 62, were killed when the car convoy they were travelling in was fired upon by what they believed were Russian forces.

"The convoy was all fleeing civilians. Almost all of the cars had kids inside. When our car had just reached a line of trees, I heard shots – first single shots, then a burst of gunfire," Oleksii told Amnesty International.

"The shots hit the first vehicle in the convoy, and it stopped. We were the second vehicle and we had to stop, too. Then we were hit. At least six or seven shots hit our car. My dad was killed instantly by a bullet to the head. My wife was hit by metal shrapnel, and my kid (son) was also hit."

Amnesty researchers who visited Bucha, Borodyanka and other nearby towns and villages in April, after victims had been exhumed (either from the rubble of collapsed buildings, or from the shallow, temporary graves in which many had been buried), found that many family members were unhappy with treatment of victims' remains. Family members were concerned that the processing of remains was chaotic, that they were not kept properly informed, and that remains in some cases were not being correctly identified.

Pursuing justice for war crimes

Extrajudicial executions committed in international armed conflicts constitute willful killings, which are war crimes. Indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks carried out with criminal intent are also war crimes.

All those responsible for war crimes should be held criminally responsible for their actions. Under the doctrine of command responsibility, hierarchal superiors – including commanders and civilian leaders, such as ministers and heads of state – who knew or had reason to know about war crimes committed by their forces, but did not attempt to stop them or punish those responsible, should also be held criminally responsible.

Any justice processes or mechanisms should be as comprehensive as possible, and ensure that all perpetrators of war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and the crime of aggression in Ukraine, from all parties to the conflict, are brought to justice in fair trials, without recourse to the death penalty. In addition, the rights of victims must be at the forefront of investigating and prosecuting international crimes, and all justice mechanisms should adopt a survivor-centered approach.

Amnesty International's documentation of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed during the war in Ukraine is available here.