Determining the exact number of casualties in the conflict has been challenging, as both Russia and Ukraine withhold official figures or release numbers that are not widely trusted.
A confidential Ukrainian estimate earlier this year placed Ukrainian military deaths at 80,000 and injuries at 400,000, according to sources familiar with the data.
Western intelligence estimates of Russian casualties vary, with some reports suggesting nearly 200,000 dead and about 400,000 wounded.
Demographers estimate that the Russian invasion has led to a loss of at least 10 million people from Ukraine, either due to occupation or emigration.
The United Nations reports that over six million people have fled Ukraine since the war began in February 2022, while new Russian-occupied territories have reduced the population in Ukrainian-controlled areas to 25-27 million.
In February, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said around 31,000 Ukrainian soldiers had died, but some former officials argue this figure is understated to maintain public morale and support mobilization.
The Wall Street Journal notes that Ukraine is reluctant to mobilize men aged 18-25, as many have not yet had children. Losing this age group could further worsen future demographic prospects.
Due to this, Ukraine is limiting mobilization despite Western pressure, with the average age of Ukrainian soldiers now exceeding 43 years.
The number of civilian casualties remains unknown, while the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine reported Russian military losses in Ukraine at 635,880 soldiers as of Sept. 17, with approximately 1,020 soldiers lost in the past day.